Socio-Ecological Approaches for Sustainable Cocoa Agroecosystems in Kulon Progo Yogyakarta

Abstract

The cocoa agroecosystem is a farming system vulnerable to various pressures, including ecological factors such as climate change, pests, and diseases, as well as social factors such as farmer institutional dynamics and external support. This study aims to analyze the socio-ecological factors that influence the sustainability of cocoa agroecosystems in Kulon Progo, Yogyakarta. A qualitative approach was employed through participatory observation, in-depth interviews, and questionnaires, involving five respondents: a group leader, an elderly farmer, a young farmer, a male farmer, and a female farmer. Data were analyzed descriptively through data reduction, classification, interpretation, and triangulation to enhance the validity of the findings. The results indicate that social factors play a crucial role in supporting the resilience of cocoa agroecosystems, particularly through the roles of farmer groups, cooperatives, as well as training and extension programs provided by the government and universities. Such support enhances farmers’ adaptive capacity in pest management, organic fertilization, and crop diversification. From an ecological perspective, the use of shade trees, intercropping systems, and efforts to maintain biodiversity significantly contribute to the stability of cocoa farming ecosystems. However, several challenges remain, including decreased yields during the rainy season, pest attacks, and limited farmer knowledge regarding the importance of natural pollinators. Overall, this study highlights that the sustainability of cocoa agroecosystems in Kulon Progo is not solely determined by ecological factors, but is also significantly influenced by social support and institutional arrangements. Therefore, strengthening socio-ecological approaches is essential as a strategy for adapting to and managing sustainable cocoa farming.