Towards Resilient Sustainability: An Adaptive Model of Risk Management Integration in Sustainability Accounting for High-Risk Industries

Abstract

High-risk industries in Indonesia, particularly in the energy, mining, and manufacturing sectors, face significant pressures in maintaining sustainability performance due to high exposure to environmental, social, and governance (ESG) risks. This study aims to develop an adaptive model that integrates risk management and sustainability accounting to strengthen corporate resilience. Panel data consists of 30 companies with 150 firm-year observations during the 2020–2024 period. The variables include Risk Disclosure Score as a proxy for risk management, ESG Score as a representation of sustainability accounting, and both financial (ROA) and non-financial performance (NF Index). Descriptive results show ROA ranging from 2.5% to 15.2%, ESG Scores between 57–73, Risk Disclosure Scores between 60–76, and NF Index between 55–71. These findings indicate a positive trend in risk and sustainability disclosure over the past five years. Preliminary analysis supports the hypothesis that risk disclosure is positively related to sustainability accounting practices, which in turn improves financial and non-financial performance. The study contributes theoretically by reinforcing the integration of COSO ERM and global ESG standards (GRI, SASB, IFRS S1 & S2), and practically by offering an adaptive framework that companies and regulators can use to enhance transparency, accountability, and competitiveness in high-risk industries.